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Introduction: The Making of India’s Supreme Law
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is unquestionably the Father of the Indian Constitution. As Chairman of the Draughting Committee, he was instrumental in developing, refining, and finalising the Constitution, which went into effect on January 26, 1950.
This article delves into Ambedkar's biography - his early years, his position in the Constituent Assembly, and his key contributions to making India the world's largest democracy.
Early Life and Education of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was born on 14 April 1891 in Mhow, Madhya Pradesh (then Central Provinces), into a Mahar family considered “untouchable” in the caste hierarchy of that time. Despite facing severe social discrimination, Ambedkar’s thirst for knowledge and determination to fight injustice set him apart from a young age.
He was an exceptional student. After completing his schooling in Bombay (now Mumbai), he earned a degree in economics and political science from Elphinstone College. His intellectual brilliance led him abroad he earned a Master’s degree and Ph.D. from Columbia University (USA) and later studied at the London School of Economics and Gray’s Inn (where he qualified as a barrister).
These experiences shaped Ambedkar’s understanding of democracy, rights, and governance. His exposure to Western political systems gave him deep insight into how laws could be used as instruments of social reform a belief he later applied while framing the Indian Constitution.
Historical Background: The Indian Constitution and Constituent Assembly
The Assembly included notable leaders like as Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, and Maulana Azad, among others. However, it was Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the Chairman of the Drafting Committee, who was tasked with transforming principles into written laws.
Thus, when people ask "who is the father of the Indian constitution?" the response echoes across history: Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar as the Father of Indian Constitution
Ambedkar's expertise in law, economics, and social justice enabled him to create a Constitution that would guarantee the rights of all citizens, particularly the historically downtrodden. His purpose was not only to draft a legal instrument, but also to establish a social democracy that would ensure political, social, and economic equality.
Ambedkar’s Role in Drafting the Indian Constitution
1. Chairman of the Drafting Committee.
On August 29, 1947, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was appointed Chairman of the Constituent Assembly's Drafting Committee. This seven-member group was in charge of creating the initial draft of the Constitution.Ambedkar's legal acumen, wide knowledge, and in-depth understanding of governance systems contributed to the transformation of India's political goals into a practical legal framework. Under his direction, the group created the document that became the core of independent India's governance.
2. Balancing Rights and Duties.
Ambedkar emphasised the importance of striking a balance between fundamental rights and state policy directives. He felt that while citizens should have rights like as free speech, religion, and equality, the state also had a responsibility to ensure social and economic welfare.3. Ensure Equality and Social Justice.
Ambedkar, a sufferer of caste oppression, emphasised social fairness in the Constitution. He enacted provisions to eliminate untouchability (Article 17) and encourage affirmative action for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes.These efforts attempted to empower marginalised communities and provide equal chances in school, jobs, and politics.
4. Secularism and Religious Freedom.
Ambedkar was a staunch champion of secularism. He believed that religion should not interfere with government. His vision transformed India into a secular state, allowing religious freedom for all residents without discrimination. Articles 25 to 28 of the Constitution give this freedom, demonstrating Ambedkar's inclusive vision.5. Strengthening democracy
Ambedkar thought that democracy was more than a political concept; it was a manner of life. He proposed a parliamentary form of government with universal adult franchise, which meant that any adult, regardless of caste, gender, or religion, was eligible to vote.This was transformative for a country emerging from centuries of inequality. His confidence in political participation helped India become the world's largest democracy.
6. Protecting fundamental rights.
The Fundamental Rights (Part III) of the Constitution are Ambedkar's most lasting legacy. This includes:- Right to equality.
- Right to Freedom
- Right Against Exploitation
- Right to Freedom of Religion
- Cultural and Educational Rights
- Right to constitutional remedies.
7. Protection for Minorities and Marginalised Groups
Ambedkar ensured that minorities and backward sections have proper representation and protection. His initiatives resulted in reservations in education, public services, and legislatures aimed at closing social and economic disparities. This policy sought to address historical injustices and promote equitable opportunity.Ambedkar’s Major Contributions to the Indian Constitution
1. Social Reform and Justice
Ambedkar envisioned India as a social democracy, where every individual had the right to live with dignity. He ensured that the Constitution included measures against discrimination and promoted justice — social, economic, and political.
2. Economic Thought
Being an economist, Ambedkar advocated for economic decentralization and equal distribution of resources. He emphasized the importance of state intervention in ensuring welfare and development, which later inspired India’s mixed economy model.
3. Women’s Rights
Ambedkar was a pioneer in fighting for women’s empowerment. He supported equal rights for women in property, marriage, and employment. His draft of the Hindu Code Bill sought to give women legal equality within Hindu personal law — though it faced opposition at the time, it laid the groundwork for future reforms.
4. Federal Structure
Ambedkar designed India’s federal system with a strong central government. He believed this was necessary to maintain national unity while giving adequate powers to the states.
5. Constitutional Remedies
Ambedkar described the Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32) as the “heart and soul of the Constitution.” This article empowers citizens to approach the Supreme Court directly if their rights are violated.
This judicial safeguard ensures that the Constitution remains a living document protecting every citizen.
Ambedkar’s Vision of Social Democracy
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s philosophy was rooted in liberty, equality, and fraternity — the same ideals that inspired the French Revolution. For Ambedkar, democracy was not just about elections; it was about creating a society free from oppression and discrimination.
He famously said:
“Political democracy cannot last unless there lies at the base of it social democracy.”
Ambedkar’s dream was to see India become a land where all people, regardless of caste or creed, enjoyed equal status and opportunities.
Challenges Faced by Ambedkar During Drafting
- Conciliate divergent viewpoints among leaders with opposing ideologies.
- Ensure that basic rights were not violated.
- Create a document that can govern a large, diversified country.
Adoption of the Constitution and Ambedkar’s Legacy
On November 26, 1949, the Constituent Assembly enacted India's Constitution. Dr. Rajendra Prasad, President of the Assembly, praised Ambedkar's huge contribution, claiming that no one else could have created such a well-structured and inclusive document.
When the Constitution went into effect on January 26, 1950, India became a republic. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's work was lauded all over the country, and he was forever known as the Father of the Indian Constitution.
Ambedkar's legacy goes beyond the constitution. He was a reformer, economist, teacher, and social activist. He inspired generations to struggle for equality and justice, and his ideas continue to influence India's social and political thinking.
Why Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is Called the Father of Indian Constitution
- Chairman of the Drafting Committee—He oversaw the preparation of the Constitution's final draft.
- Architect of Rights and Justice—He guaranteed equality, liberty, and fraternity for everyone.
- Protector of the Oppressed—He provided constitutional protections to marginalised communities.
- Visionary Leader – He foresee issues that India would confront and devised solutions inside the Constitution.
- Defender of Democracy — He ensured that India's democracy was based on justice and inclusion.
Conclusion: Dr. Ambedkar’s Everlasting Legacy
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s role in shaping modern India cannot be overstated. As the Father of Indian Constitution, he gave the nation a legal framework that upholds justice, equality, and freedom. His ideas on democracy, secularism, and human rights continue to guide India’s governance even today.
Ambedkar once said,
“I measure the progress of a community by the degree of progress which women have achieved.”
These words demonstrate his strong belief in inclusive growth and equality. His aim was for a social democracy, in which every citizen may live with dignity.
As students and citizens, we must remember that the Indian Constitution is more than just a collection of laws; it is a dream realised by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the true Father of the Indian Constitution.
FAQ Section
Q1. Who is known as the Father of Indian Constitution?
Ans: Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar is known as the Father of Indian Constitution. He served as the Chairman of the Drafting Committee and played a major role in framing India’s Constitution.
Q2. Why is Dr. B.R. Ambedkar called the Father of Indian Constitution?
Ans: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is called the Father of Indian Constitution because he led the drafting process, ensured equality and social justice, and designed a democratic framework that protects the rights of all citizens.
Q3. When was the Indian Constitution adopted and enforced?
Ans: The Indian Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950, celebrated every year as Republic Day.
Q4. What was Dr. Ambedkar’s role in the Constituent Assembly?
Ans: As the Chairman of the Drafting Committee, Dr. Ambedkar guided debates, drafted key provisions, and ensured that the Constitution reflected the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity.
Q5. What were Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's main contributions to the Indian Constitution?
Ans: His key contributions include the aboilition of untouchability, the establishment of fundamental rights, minority protection, women's rights, and the construction of a democratic and secular government.
Q6: How long did it take to draft the Indian Constitution?
Ans: Dr. Ambedkar led the drafting process for two years, eleven months, and eighteen days.
Q7. What is the relevance of Article 32, according to Ambedkar?
Ans: Dr. Ambedkar referred to Article 32 as the "heart and soul of the Constitution" because it permits citizens to approach the Supreme Court directly for protection of their fundamental rights.
The greatest tribute we can pay to Dr. Ambedkar is to live by the spirit of the Constitution he gave us — to uphold justice, ensure equality, and value freedom for all.
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